Regarding videofluroscopy of the oesophagus & pharynx :

Aspiration increases with posterior head tilt

Aspiration is more likely with thick rather than thin fluids

Stroke is the only cause of problems

Failure or delay in the posterior pharyngeal reflex is a neurological problem

Barium of 100% w/v is ideal

In fistula in ano :

The intersphincteric form is the most common

The sagittal plane is the most useful at MRI imaging

An endorectal coil is required

Ischiorectal sepsis is poorly evaluated by endorectal ultrasound

The internal sphincter enhances more with gadolinium than the external sphincter

Giant Cell Tumour :

Is frequently located in long bones

Shows soft tissue involvement in around 25%

With soft tissue involvement suggests malignant change

May present with pathological fracture

Presents before 20 years of age in over 50% of patients

Breast MRI :

Can be performed with a body coil if there is no dedicated breast coil

Is indicated for screening of young, high risk patients

Should be performed in the latter half (days 16-28) of the menstrual cycle

Typically shows enhancement in fibroadenomas

Extracapsular implant rupture is defined as silicone extruded through the implant casing

The following suggest Crohns disease rather than ulcerative colitis

Pseudsacculations

Asymmetrical ulceration

Shortening of colon

Aphthous ulceration

Symmetrical bilateral sacro-ilitis

Concerning CT pulmonary angiography

Right heart failure is a contraindication

Hypotension is a contraindication

It is more appropriate than MRI for tachypnoeic patients

It may be required if a ventilation/perfusion scan is normal apart from a single triple matched defect

Scanning from the apices to the domes of the diaphragm is all that is required

Regarding carcinoid tumours

Pulmonary carcinoids commonly produce endocrine symptoms

In small bowel tumours, a desmoplastic response is best demonstrated with a small bowel enema rather than CT

A resected pulmonary nodule, shown to be a carcinoid tumour at histology, suggests a primary bowel carcinoid

They can lead to increased vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) in urine

They are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type II

Regarding pulmonary complications of ankylosing spondilitis

Basal pulmonary fibrosis occurs in 5% of patients

Fibrotic changes in upper lobes are detectable on HRCT scans in 30 - 40% of cases

Ankylosis of the thoracic vertebrae impairs respiratory movement significantly

The crescent sign within an upper lobe mass suggests cavitation of a bronchial neoplasm

Patients with fungal balls usually present with a productive cough

The following are features consistent with pneumocystis pneumonia

Mediastinal lymphadenopathy

Ground glass shadowing

Segmental consolidation

Pleural effusions

Pneumothorax

In unruptured ectopic pregnancy

An echopoor rim around an adnexal mass is characteristic

Fluid is commonly present in the Pouch of Douglas

Methotrexate is an accepted form of treatment

A pregnancy test should be the first line of investigation

A foetal heart can be identified in the uterine cavity on ultrasound in most cases