Regarding pituitary tumours

prolactin secreting tumours are the commonest

Over 50% of microadenomata secret prolactin

Over 75% of macroadenomata secrete prolactin

chromophobe tumours are the largest

growth hormone secreting tumours are the commonest

Acromegaly causes

kyphosis

anterior scalloping of vertebral bodies

chondrocalcinosis

calcification of the pinna of the ears

an enlarged sella turcica in fewer than 50% of cases

Phaeochromocytomas

are usually under 5 mm in size

10% are malignant

95% are intra-abdominal

are associated with neurofibromatosis in 15% cases

are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I

Thymomas have an association with

polymyositis

myaesthenia gravis in over 60% of cases

polycythaemia rubra vera

non-thymic cancer in 15%

hypogammaglobulinaemia

Thyroid hormone

excess in the adult causes enlargement of the thymus

excess in the adult increases bone density

deficiency in adults causes cardiomegaly

deficiency in children causes stippling of the epiphyses

deficiency in children causes reduction in the intervertebral spaces

In the oesophagus

adenocarcinoma constitutes 5% of primary malignant tumours

squamous cell carcinoma is associated with achalasia

squamous cell carcinoma is associated with corrosive strictures

squamous cell carcinoma is associated with head and neck malignancies

squamous cell carcinoma is associated with Barrett's oesophagus

Features of Gardners syndrome include

multiple colonic polyps

desmoid tumours in about 10% of patients

multiple osteomas

multiple exostoses

abnormal teeth

In the colon

adenomata are multiple (more than 3) in 10% of patients with colonic polyps

a tubular adenoma is the commonest type of polyp

a tubular adenoma has a greater incidence of malignancy than a villous adenoma

colloid/mucinous adenocarcinoma has a better prognosis than other types

adenocarcinoma most commonly metastasises to bone

In inflammatory colitis

pseudodiverticula formation suggests ulcerative colitis

reflux ileitis suggests ulcerative colitis

strictures suggest Crohn's disease rather than ulcerative colitis

confluent superficial ulceration is seen in both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis

aphthoid ulcers are seen in both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis

In Hodgkin's disease

spread tends to be by contiguous extension

extranodal sites are involved more often than in Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

the lymphocyte-depleted type is common in young patients

being male improves the prognosis

bony lesions are most commonly lytic