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Submitted by Vinay Duddalwar
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A denser nephrogram in an intravenous pyelography study can be obtained by
using non ionic contrast
using a sodium based as opposed to meglumine based contrast
using a larger volume of contrast
dehydrating the patient
more rapid injection of a given concentration and volume of contrast
The left phrenic nerve
lies anterior to the left scalenus anterior
lies posterior to the subclavian artery
lies posterior to the brachial plexus
traverses the diaphragm through the oesophageal hiatus
passes posterior to the left hilum
Regarding veins of the thorax
the first three intercostal veins on the right drain into the left subclavian vein
a left sided superior vena cava usually drains into the left atrium
the left bronchial veins drain into the left subclavian vein
the azygos vein drains into the superior vena cava within the pericardial sac
the left superior pulmonary vein is anterior to the left pulmonary artery
The use of Glucagon in double contrast barium studies
is contraindicated in diabetes mellitus
is contraindicated in insulinoma
is contraindicated in phaeochromocytoma
has a longer lasting effect than Buscopan (Hyoscine)
may lead to anaphylaxis
Regarding the pituitary gland
the pars anterior can be distinguished from the pars posterior on MR scans
the normal pituitary stalk enhances on post Gadolinium MR scans
it is supplied totally by extradural branches of the internal carotid artery
the pars anterior develops from foregut
calcification within the gland can be a normal phenomenon
In the fetus
the umbilical vein carries unoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta
the ductus arteriosus closes in the third trimester.
the adrenals are larger in size in comparison to the kidneys than in an adult
midgut herniation into the umbilical coelom (extrembryonic coelom) is a normal phenomenon till the third trimester.
the right ventricular wall is thicker than the left ventricular wall ; this is reversed gradually after birth
Regarding the pancreas
the spleen can be used as an acoustic window during ultrasonography
it is isoechoic to the liver ultrasonically in adults
the duct of Wirsung is the duct of the ventral pancreatic bud
it lies in the posterior pararenal space of the retroperitoneum
imaging modality of choice for evaluating trauma is ultrasound
Regarding the elbow
the anterior humeral line passes through the posterior third of the capitellum in a standard set of xray views
the posterior fat pad may be seen on the lateral radiograph in 10% of normal adults
a line through the radial shaft is projected through the middle third of the capitellumin a lateral radiograph
the centre for the medial epicondyle appears before the centre for the lateral epicondyle
the ulnar nerve passes anterior to the medial epicondyle
The following statements are correct
The pharynx extends from the base of the skull to C3 vertebral level
The pharyngobasilar fascia is pierced only by the eustachian tube
The fossae of Rosenmuller lie anterior to the openings of the eustachian tubes
The parapharyngeal space contains the external jugular vein
The valleculae lie posterior to the epiglottis
A cavum septum pellucidum is seen in 10% of adults
The common carotid artery bifurcates at C7 level
The superior orbital fissure is best seen on an Occipito frontal 20o cranially angulated view
The ascending pharyngeal artery passes through the jugular foramen
The lesser wing of the sphenoid forms a margin of both the superior and the inferior orbital fissures
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