Concerning ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) lung scanning

The use of microaggregated albumin is contra-indicated in patients with right to left cardiac shunts

The albumin particles used have a diameter of 100-300 um

The albumin particles occlude small branches of the bronchial arteries

Krypton-81m aerosols are frequently used

Use of aerosols allows simultaneous acquistion of ventilation and perfusion images

Concerning the double contrast barium enema

The layer of barium suspension coating the mucosa is about 0.2mm thick

Lymphoid follicles may be seen in up to one third of adults

An overcouch prone view with tube angled 30-45deg towards the head (cephalad) is useful to separate overlying loops of sigmoid colon

The use of carbon dioxide instead of air reduces the incidence of abdominal pain

The use of smooth muscle relaxants normally removes haustrations from the ascending colon

In Hysterosalpingography

It is ideally performed on the 4th-6th day of the cycle

Failure to opacify the tubes may be due to uterine cornual spasm

A contrast medium with high viscosity is desirable

Filling of endocervical glands is a normal finding

Venous intravasation is a recognised complication

In Intravenous Urography

Fluid restriction is imperative

A suitable dose of contrast medium is 30mg iodine/Kg body weight

Abdominal compression should be applied before the 5 minute film

Pyelotubular opacification (papillary blush) is more frequently seen with non-ionic than ionic contrast media

Vessels may normally indent a calyx

Concerning the middle ear

Its floor is formed by the tegmen tympani

The eustacian tube connects it to the nasal cavity via the inferior meatus

An inferior relation is the internal carotid artery

The promontory of the medial wall results from the underlying cochlea

The epitympanic recess lies above the level of the tympanic membrane

In Obstetric Ultrasound

A gestational sac is visible at 4-5 weeks on a transvaginal scan

Fetal heart motion is first detectable at 8 weeks on a transvaginal scan

Fetal crown-rump length is an accurate way of establishing gestational age in the third trimester

In the four chamber view of the fetal heart, the right atrium is most closely related to the spine

A fetal biparietal skull diameter of 25mm at 13 weeks is normal

The following are posterior relations of the head of the pancreas

Common bile duct

Right crus of diaphragm

First part of duodenum

Transverse colon

Inferior vena cava

Concerning the knee joint

The tendon of the popliteus muscle is attached to the lateral meniscus

The coronary ligament is a medial thickening of the capsule

The joint communicates with the suprapatellar bursa

The lateral meniscus is larger than the medial

On proton density MR images, normal menisci have low signal intensity

Concerning the chest

Lung contacts the anterior wall of the right lower lobe bronchus

The posterior wall of the bronchus intermedius appears as a thin stripe on lateral plain films

The left superior pulmonary vein and left lower lobe pulmonary artery are separated by the left upper lobe bronchus

The anterior junctional line begins below the level of the clavicles

Thymic density decreases after puberty

Concerning CT of the brain

The volume of the dominant left hemisphere may normally be larger

Grey matter has a lower Hounsfield number than white matter

The choroid plexus does not normally extend anterior to the foramina of Monro

The superior cerebellar peduncles form part of the floor of the fourth ventricle

In adults, bilateral calcification in the globus pallidus can be a normal finding